INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BODY ON SUBMARINE CABLE RESILIENCE - REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUPS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOREWORD FOREWORD FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION MANDATE AND CREATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BODY ON SUBMARINE CABLE RESILIENCE (IAB) WORKING GROUPS AND OUTPUTS METHODOLOGY OF THE WORKING GROUPS INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE AND MILESTONES THE ROLE OF ITU THE ROLE OF THE ICPC 2. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS OBJECTIVES OF THE PUBLICATION 3. WORKING GROUP REPORTS WORKING GROUP REPORT 1: TIMELY DEPLOYMENT AND REPAIR RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER 1: SUBMARINE CABLE DEPLOYMENT AND REPAIR: CURRENT STATUS 1.1 DEPLOYMENT AND REPAIR TIMELINES 1.2 STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR ROLE IN CABLE DEPLOYMENT AND REPAIR CHAPTER 2: STREAMLINING PERMITTING, APPROVAL, AND REGULATION FOR DEPLOYMENT AND REPAIR 2.1 THE GLOBAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE: MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL AND MULTI-AGENCY CHALLENGES 2.2 KEY REGULATORY BARRIERS DELAYING DEPLOYMENT AND REPAIR 2.3 TOWARD REGULATORY EFFICIENCY: NATIONAL MODELS OF REGULATORY EXCELLENCE 2.4 INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL BEST PRACTICES 2.5 RECOMMENDATIONS: TOWARD PREDICTABLE, EFFICIENT, AND RESILIENCE-ORIENTED REGULATION CHAPTER 3: STRENGTHENING GLOBAL REPAIR ARCHITECTURE 3.1 GLOBAL CABLE MAINTENANCE MODELS: REGIONAL ZONES AND PRIVATE AGREEMENTS 3.2 ASSESSMENT OF COVERAGE GAPS: UNDER-SERVED REGIONS 3.3 BARRIERS TO EFFICIENT CABLE REPAIR 3.4 BEST PRACTICES AND INNOVATIONS IN REPAIR OPERATIONS 3.5 RECOMMENDATIONS: TOWARDS A FAST‑RESPONDING AND RESILIENCE‑ORIENTED GLOBAL REPAIR ARCHITECTURE CHAPTER 4: GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY COLLABORATION AND COOPERATION IN CABLE REPAIR AND DEPLOYMENT 4.1 PUBLIC–PRIVATE COOPERATION AND REPAIR READINESS 4.2 COOPERATION MECHANISMS 4.3 THE EVOLVING LANDSCAPE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE COOPERATION 4.4 COMMON ENABLERS ACROSS JURISDICTIONS 4.5 RECOMMENDATIONS: PUBLIC-PRIVATE COOPERATION IN ENHANCING DEPLOYMENT AND REPAIR EFFICIENCY WORKING GROUP REPORT 2: RISK IDENTIFICATION, MONITORING AND MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RECOMMENDATION 1: DEVELOP NATIONAL LEVEL STRATEGIES BASED ON DATA EVIDENCING THE RISKS 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 IDENTIFYING THE RISKS: THE FOUNDATION OF DATA-DRIVEN STRATEGIES 1.3 MONITORING AND VISIBILITY: THE ROLE OF DATA 1.4 DEVELOPING DATA-DRIVEN NATIONAL STRATEGIES 1.5 FOSTERING PUBLIC-PRIVATE COLLABORATION 1.6 FINAL REMARKS RECOMMENDATION 2: KNOWLEDGE SHARING BETWEEN INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT 2.1 FOSTER INTERNATIONAL/INDUSTRY COOPERATION AND INFORMATION SHARING RECOMMENDATION 3: ENCOURAGE A STANDARD REPORTING MECHANISM FOR GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 THE CURRENT LANDSCAPE OF INCIDENT REPORTING 3.3 THE OBJECTIVES OF RECOMMENDATION 3 3.4 THE EMPIRICAL CASE FOR STANDARDIZED REPORTING: GLOBAL REPAIR TRENDS 3.5 CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION 3.6 THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF STANDARDIZED REPORTING 3.7 FINAL REMARKS RECOMMENDATION 4: ESTABLISH CLEAR LEGAL AND OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORKS 4.1 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 4.2 CROSS-DEPARTMENTAL COLLABORATION 4.3 FINAL REMARKS RECOMMENDATION 5: TREATY OBLIGATIONS 5.1 DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTATION OF CABLE PROTECTION OBLIGATIONS 5.2 CAUTIONARY NOTES ON THE PRESENCE OF CABLES 5.3 PENALTIES FOR NEGLIGENT DAMAGE TO SUBMARINE CABLES 5.4 FINAL REMARKS RECOMMENDATION 6: ENFORCEMENT LEGISLATION 6.1 CURRENT SITUATION 6.2 MEASURES 6.3 FINAL REMARKS RECOMMENDATION 7: MARITIME TRAINING 7.1 THE STCW 7.2 MEASURES RECOMMENDATION 8: ANCHOR STOWAGE 8.1 ACCIDENTAL ANCHOR DEPLOYMENT WHILE UNDERWAY 8.2 MEASURES RECOMMENDATION 9: MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING 9.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR SUBMARINE CABLE PLANNING AND OPERATIONS 9.2 ROUTE PLANNING AND RISK AVOIDANCE 9.3 INTERNATIONAL LAW: UNCLOS 9.4 SPATIAL PLANNING: SUBMARINE CABLE SPACING 9.5 SHIPPING CHANNELS AND PORTS: MARITIME ELEMENT SAFETY ZONE PLANNING RECOMMENDATION 10: NAUTICAL CHARTING 10.1 NAUTICAL CHARTS AND DIGITIZATION: SUBMARINE CABLE RISK ZONING AND DYNAMIC UPDATES 10.2 ENHANCING AWARENESS OF THE PRESENCE OF SUBMARINE CABLES 10.3 ENHANCING PREVENTIVE AWARENESS THROUGH NEXT-GENERATION DIGITAL NAVIGATION RECOMMENDATION 11: AUDITS AND STRESS TESTS 11.1 DEVELOPING REDUNDANCY IN SUBMARINE CABLE OPERATIONS 11.2 PRACTICE IN JAPAN RECOMMENDATION 12: DECOMMISSIONING AND REDUNDANCY 12.1 DECOMMISSIONING AND REDUNDANCY 12.2 MEASURES RECOMMENDATION 13: CLS AND OUTSIDE PLANT (OSP) SECURITY 13.1 DATA SECURITY 13.2 MEASURES 13.3 REAL-TIME MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING FOR FRONTHAUL CABLES RECOMMENDATION 14: INVESTMENT IN ENHANCING CABLE PROTECTION 14.1 HISTORICAL PRICE PRESSURES AND COMPROMISED RESILIENCY 14.2 MEASURES 14.3 BURIAL AND ARMOURING TECHNIQUES WORKING GROUP REPORT 3: FOSTERING CONNECTIVITY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVERSITY RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER 1. FINANCING AND RISK MITIGATION FOR INCLUSIVE CONNECTIVITY 1.1 DIAGNOSIS OF INVESTMENT AND COST BARRIERS 1.2 EXISTING AND PROPOSED FINANCIAL AND RISK-TRANSFER TOOLS 1.3 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER 2. INSTITUTIONAL, REGULATORY, AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS 2.1 REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS, INCLUDING THOSE FOR SIDS AND LLDCS 2.2 POLICY, REGULATORY AND CAPACITY-BUILDING MEASURES 2.3 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER 3. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVERSITY AND NETWORK RESILIENCE 3.1 REDUNDANCY GAPS, PHYSICAL AND CLIMATE RISKS 3.2 TECHNICAL/ARCHITECTURAL AND OPERATIONAL RESILIENCE MEASURES 3.4 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 4. PREVIOUS IAB OUTPUTS AND DECLARATIONS INTRODUCTORY NOTE LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS AGREED AT THE PORTO SUMMIT ABUJA DECLARATION PORTO DECLARATION 5. ANNEXES ANNEX A: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ANNEX B: LIST OF IAB MEMBERS ANNEX C: LIST OF WORKING GROUP MEMBERS ANNEX D: IAB TERMS OF REFERENCE