Report ITU-R P.2346-6 (06/2026) - Compilation of measurement data relating to building entry loss
Foreword
Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR)
Scope
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Building entry loss measurements (VHF and UHF, Europe)
3 Building entry loss measurements (5.2 GHz, Japan)
4 Exit loss measurements
     4.1 Measured result
5 Slant path measurements (500 MHz – 6 GHz)
     5.1 UHF satellite signal measurements (860 MHz – 2.6 GHz)
     5.2 Slant-path measurements from towers or high-rise buildings
     5.3 Helicopter measurements to office building
     5.4 Balloon measurements to domestic buildings (1-6 GHz)
6 Impact of thermally-insulating materials (88 MHz – 5.8 GHz)
     6.1 Introduction
     6.2 Median building entry loss
     6.3 Variability of loss within a room
     6.4 Variability of loss from room-to-room
     6.5 Impact of insulating materials on loss
7 Measurements at 3.5 GHz
     7.1 Environment
     7.2 Measurement configuration
     7.3 Measurement results at 3.5 GHz
8 Measurements in Stockholm at 0.5 to 5 GHz
     8.1 Configuration of the set-up
     8.2 General results
     8.3 Average excess loss results
     8.4 Method 1 versus Method 2 results
9 Building entry loss measurement at 3.5 GHz in Beijing
     9.1 Measurement scenarios
          9.1.1 Building A
          9.1.2 Building B
          9.1.3 Building C
     9.2 Test methodology
          9.2.1 Measuring system and instrument
          9.2.2 Calculation method of building entry loss
     9.3 Measurement results
          9.3.1 Measurement results and analysis of building A scenario
          9.3.2 Measurement results and analysis of building B scenario
          9.3.3 Measurement results and analysis of building C scenario
10 Building entry loss measurement at 3.5 GHz in UK
     10.1 UK measurements
     10.2 Methodology
          10.2.1 Hardware
          10.2.2 Software
     10.3 Test locations
          10.3.1 Terraced house
          10.3.2 Small office
          10.3.3 Retail buildings
     10.4 Results
          10.4.1 Building entry loss
          10.4.2 BEL variability
11 Building entry loss measurements at 28 GHz
     11.1 Scenario
     11.2 Experimental Setup
     11.3 Data collection/analysis
     11.4 Results
     11.5 Conclusion
12 Measurements at 5.2 GHz
13 Building entry loss from 5-32 GHz
     13.1 Introduction
     13.2  Experimental Setup
          13.2.1 Building descriptions
          13.2.2 Testing locations
          13.2.3  Data post processing
     13.3 Results
          13.3.1 Tabulated results
          13.3.2 Coverage maps
          13.3.3 Distance dependency
          13.3.4 PDF distributions
          13.3.5 CDF distributions
     13.4 Tables of building parameters
     13.5 Conclusion
14 Measurements at 3, 10 and 17 GHz
     14.1 Measurement campaign
          14.1.1 Scenario description
          14.1.2 Setup and procedure
     14.2 Data processing
     14.3 Measurement results and analysis
          14.3.1 Measurement validation (LoS cases)
          14.3.2 Penetration losses and delay spread
     14.4 Conclusion
     14.5 References
15 Measurements in Stockholm in the 2-60 GHz frequency range
     15.1 Introduction
     15.2 Measurement campaign
     15.3 Monte Carlo simulation of multi-pane glass window transmission loss
16 Measurements at 5-31 GHz in China
     16.1 Measurement scenarios
          16.1.1 Building A
          16.1.2  Building B
     16.2 Test methodology
          16.2.1 Measuring system and instrument
     16.3 Calculation method of building entry loss
     16.4  Measurement results
          16.4.1  Measurement results and analysis of Building B scenario
17 Measurements below 6 GHz in a modern office building
     17.1 Method
     17.2 Locations
     17.3 Measurement procedure
     17.4 Reference measurements
     17.5 Results
          17.5.1 Building entry loss (median loss)
          17.5.2 Building entry loss statistics
     17.6 Conclusions
     17.7 Annex – link budgets
     17.8 Annex - measurement zones at Riverside House
18 Building loss in an urban environment (Japan, 0.8-37 GHz)
     18.1 Measurement methods and parameters
     18.2 Measurement results from 0.8 to 37.1 GHz band
19 Multi-frequency sounder measurements in Canada (2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 13 GHz, 26 GHz, 38 GHz, and 61 GHz)
     19.1 Introduction
     19.2 Building description
     19.3 Description of the BEL measurements through Building 76
     19.4 Methodology used for the estimation of BEL
     19.5 BEL measurement results and modelling
     19.6 Description of building material loss measurements in the anechoic chamber
     19.7 Some key building material loss results suitable for BEL modelling
     19.8 References
20 BEL measurements at 3, 10, 17 and 60 GHz frequencies from Orange
     20.1 Measurement campaign
          A. Scenario description
          B. Setup and procedure
     20.2 Data processing
     20.3 Measurement results and analysis
          A. Penetration losses
          B. Delay spread
     20.4 Conclusion
     20.5 References
21 Some zero elevation angle BEL measurement results in China
     21.1 Measurement scenarios
          21.1.1 Building A
          21.1.2 Building B
          21.1.3 Building C
     21.2 Test methodology
          21.2.1 Measuring system and instrument
          21.2.2 Calculation method of BEL
     21.3 Results
22 BEL measurements for two office buildings in the frequency range 800 MHz – 28 GHz from Nokia
     22.1 Introduction
     22.2 Measurement description
     22.3 Measurement results
     22.4 Normal incidence
     22.5 Summary
     22.6 Acknowledgement
     22.7 References
     22.A1 Attachment 1: Measurement scenarios
          22.A1.1  Traditional Office Building (STV)
          22.A1.2  Modern Office Building (AAU)
     22.A2 Attachment 2: Methodology
          22.A2.1  Measurement Setup
          22.A2.2  Measurement procedures and data processing
     22.A3 Attachment 3: Measurements at normal incidence
23 BEL: Measurements covering 25 to 73 GHz frequency range in the United Kingdom
     23.1 Introduction
     23.2 Overview of BEL measurement campaign
     23.3 Measurement methodology and equipment
     23.4 Campaign results
          23.4.1 Traditional build houses
               23.4.1.1 House B 50.2
               23.4.1.2 1800’s Victorian mansion
               23.4.1.3 Traditional build BEL variability
          23.4.2 Modern Construction Houses
               23.4.2.1 Userhaus modular construction house
               23.4.2.2 Wienerberger E4 House
               23.4.2.3 Modern build BEL variability
     23.5 Concluding remarks
     23.6 References
24 BEL from 5-39 GHz in the United States of America
     24.1 Introduction
     24.2 Experimental setup
          24.2.1 Building descriptions
          24.2.2 Testing locations
     24.3 Results
          24.3.1 Tabulated results
          24.3.2 BEL vs depth
          24.3.3 PDF distributions
          24.3.4 CDF Distributions
          24.3.5 BEL vs frequency
     24.4 Conclusion
25 Measurements on slant-path BEL in bands around 24 GHz from Telstra
     25.1 Introduction
     25.2 Approach
     25.3 Observations and results
     25.4 Conclusions
     25.A1 Attachment 1: General Building Layout – Buildings G and E, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
     25.A2 Attachment 2: Detailed building illumination plans
     25.A3 Attachment 3: Detailed measurement results (Tx2 – Frequency 2)
     25.A4 Attachment 4: Detailed measurement results (Tx1 – Frequency 1)
     25.A5 Attachment 5: Mean BEL vs AoA
     25.A6 Attachment 6: Selected Polar Plots
26 BEL measurement results and modelling vary with elevation incident angle in China
     26.1 Introduction
     26.A Attachment: BEL measurement
          26.A.1  Measurement scenarios
               26.A.1.1  Building A
               26.A.1.2 Building B
               26.A.1.3 Building C
          26.A.2 Test methodology
               26.A.2.1 Measuring system and instrument
               26.A.2.2  Calculation method of BEL
          26.A.3 Measurement results
               26.A.3.1 Measurement results and analysis of building A scenario
                    26.A.3.1.1  Building A with one-way transparent glass
                    26.A.3.1.2  Building A with concrete walls with insulation
               26.A.3.2  Measurement results and analysis of building B scenario
                    26.A.3.2.1  Building B with a layer of reinforced concrete walls
                    26.A.3.2.2  Building B with two layers of reinforced concrete walls
               26.A.3.3  Measurement results and analysis of building C scenario
                    26.A.3.3.1  Building C with brick wall
                    26.A.3.3.2  Building C with ordinary glass
          26.A.4 Conclusion
27 BEL measurement and modelling results on elevation angle dependence from Ericsson
     27.1 Introduction
     27.2 Measurement campaign
     27.3 Analysis
28 BEL measurements for three buildings in the frequency range 800 MHz-5.2 GHz with varying elevation incident angle from Nokia
     28.1 Introduction
     28.2 Measurement overview
     28.3 Measurement results and comparison with KED-based model
     28.4 Summary
     28.5 Acknowledgement
     28.6 References
     28.A Attachment: Methodology
          28.A.1 Measurement setup
          28.A.2 Measurement procedures and data processing
29 Building entry loss measurements at 3.5, 6, 10, 18, and 24 GHz frequencies in the Republic of Korea
     29.1 Introduction
     29.2 Measurement methods
     29.3 Measurement results
          29.3.1 Window penetration loss (WPL) characteristics
          29.3.2 BEL characteristics
     29.4 Summary of the results
     29.5 References
30 Effect of antenna beamwidth on building entry loss (Republic of Korea, 32.4 GHz)
     30.1 Introduction
     30.2 Measurement overview
     30.3 Measurement results
     30.4 Model development
31 New measurements of domestic buildings (UK, 169 MHz – 60 GHz)
     31.1 Introduction
     31.2 Measurement method
          31.2.1 Target buildings
          31.2.2 Measurement equipment
          31.2.3 Procedure
          31.2.4 Data processing
     31.3 Results
          31.3.1 Median BEL results averaged over all rooms
          31.3.2 Median BEL results for each room in each house
          31.3.3 Cumulative distributions of BEL
          31.3.4 Comparison with Recommendation ITU-R P.2109 model
     31.4 Summary of results
32 Independent and joint statistics of clutter loss and building entry loss – initial measurements at 3.5 GHz (UK)
     32.1 Introduction
     32.2 Experimental arrangement
          32.2.1 Measurement equipment
          32.2.2 Procedure
     32.3 Results
          32.3.1 Building loss in isolation
          32.3.2 Building loss measured over a cluttered path
     32.4 Summary of the results
     32.5 References
33 Building entry loss measurements in an urban environment at 27.5 and 39.5 GHz (China)
     33.1 Introduction
     33.2 Measurement environment
          33.2.1 Indoor office environment (3rd floor in Building A5)
          33.2.2 Corridor environment (4th floor in Building A5)
     33.3 Measurement setup and procedure
          33.3.1 Principles of time domain measurement method
          33.3.2 Measurement system and measurement instruments
     33.4 Data processing
     33.5 Measurement results and analysis
     33.6 Summary of the results
34 Effect of azimuth incidence angle on building entry loss (Republic of Korea)
     34.1 Introduction
     34.2 Incidence angle dependency in other standard models
     34.3 Measurement overview
     34.4 Analysis
     34.5 References
35 Building entry loss measurements for heavy industry factory at 3, 6, 10, 18 and 24 GHz (Republic of Korea)
     35.1 Measurement environment
     35.2 Measurement results
     35.3 Conclusion
     35.4 References
36 Measurements for building entry loss into a basement at frequency 1.5 GHz and 3 GHz (Republic of Korea)
     36.1 Introduction
     36.2 Measurement of building entry loss
          36.2.1 Measurement campaign
          36.2.2 Measurement results of building entry loss in the basement
     36.3 Analysis of propagation path between the ground and basement floors
          36.3.1 Measurement of the propagation path on the first floor
          36.3.2 Propagation loss between the first floor and the basement
          36.3.3  Comparison of the propagation path from the open entrance with direct propagation
     36.4 Summary of the results
     36.5 References
37 BEL measurements in a line-of-sight (LoS) and cluttered path
     37.1 Introduction
     37.2 Measurement campaign and system setup
     37.3 Measurement results
          37.3.1 Effect of the clutter on the BEL on the LoS and over NLoS path
          37.3.2 Power reflected by the clutter (ship) behind the building
          37.3.3 Comparison of the excess loss with the sum of the BEL and clutter loss
     37.4 Conclusion
     37.5 Acknowledgement
     37.6 References
38 On joint statistics of clutter loss and building entry loss at frequency 3 GHz and 24 GHz
     38.1 Introduction
     38.2 Experimental arrangement
     38.3 Results
     38.4 Summary of the results
     38.5 References
39 Combined and independent statistics of clutter loss and building entry loss measurements at 26 GHz
     39.0 Introduction
     39.1 Measurement campaign 2019
          39.1.1 Scenario
          39.1.2 Location of the measurement points
          39.1.3 Experimental setup
          39.1.4 Building entry loss over cluttered path measurements
          39.1.5 Building entry loss isolated building measurements
          39.1.6 Data analysis
               39.1.6.1  Building entry loss analysis
               39.1.6.2 Clutter loss analysis
     39.2 BEL from 2018 experimental campaign
     39.3 Clutter loss from 2017 experimental campaign
     39.4 Summary of the results
     39.5 References
40 Building entry loss measurement for a wooden house and light gauge steel building at 300 GHz
     40.1 Introduction
     40.2 Measurement system and parameters
     40.3 BEL Measurement
          40.3.1 Measurement results for the light gauge steel building
               40.3.2 Measurement results for wooden house
     40.4 BEL estimation by measuring thin materials
41 Helicopter measurements of high-rise building
     41.1 Measurement method
     41.2 Measurement results
42 Building entry loss measurements for factory buildings at 3, 6, 10, 18 and 24 GHz in Korea
     42.1 Introduction
     42.2 Measurement environment
     42.3 Measurement results
          42.3.1 Building entry loss characteristics
     42.4 Analysis
     42.5 References
43 Building entry loss measurements at 47 and 65 MHz
     43.1 Introduction
     43.2 Measurement environments
     43.3 Measured results
     43.4 Conclusion
44 Building entry loss measurement, Traditional building, frequencies below 80 MHz
     44.1 Introduction
     44.2 Measurement setup
     44.3 Results of measurements
     44.4 Conclusions
45 Building entry loss measurements at 2, 26, 97 and 158 GHz
     45.1 Introduction
     45.2 Measurement
          45.2.1 Measurement system setup
          45.2.2 Measurement deployment
     45.3 Measurement results
     45.4 Summary
     45.5 Acknowledgement
     45.6 References
46 Building entry loss measurements in a heavy industry factory before and after thermal-efficient renovation at 6 and 10 GHz
     46.1 Introduction
     46.2 Measurement environment and system
     46.3 System reference measurement
     46.4 Measurement results
     46.5 Conclusion
     46.6 References
Annex 1  BEL in point-to-area applications below 3 GHz