Report ITU-R BT.2386-2(04/2019)Digital terrestrial broadcasting: Design andimplementation of single frequencynetworks (SFN)
Foreword
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Acronyms
Part 1  Overview of Single Frequency Networks
1 Definition and characteristics of single frequency networks
     1.1 Definition of single frequency networks
     1.2 Benefits of single frequency networks
     1.3 Requirements and limitations of single frequency networks
     1.4 Type of SFN
     1.5 Consideration of network structures for SFN
     1.6 Classification of transmitting stations
     1.7 Spectrum utilization
2 Coverage criteria
     2.1 Reception modes
     2.2 Pixel coverage, area coverage, population coverage
     2.3 Full area vs. partial coverage
3 Statistical aspects and Network Gain in SFN planning
     3.1 Statistical Aspects of Coverage Prediction
     3.2 Effect of OFDM Multipath Capability on Coverage Prediction
     3.3 Network Gain
          3.3.1 General
          3.3.2 Definitions related to network gain
          3.3.3 Example of network gain
          3.3.4 Network gain and coverage measurements in SFN
4 Layer definition
5 Broadcasters’ requirements
     5.1 Service area requirements
     5.2 Coverage requirements
     5.3 Operational/Network requirements
6 Implementation of the transmitter network
     6.1 Coordination
     6.2 Conformity with the Plan Entry
     6.3 Self interference
     6.4 Transmitter synchronisation
     6.5 Frequency synchronisation
     6.6 Timing synchronisation
     6.7 Effect of synchronisation loss
Part 2  SFN application and implementation of DVB-T, DVB-T2  and DAB system
1 Multipath capability of DVB-T, DVB-T2 and T-DAB
     1.1 General
     1.2 Inter-symbol interference
     1.3 Guard interval
     1.4 Contributing and interfering signal components with inter-symbol interference
2 FFT-window synchronisation
     2.1 General
     2.2 Synchronisation strategies
     2.3 Strongest signal
     2.4 First signal above a threshold level
     2.5 Centre of gravity
     2.6 Quasi-optimal
     2.7 Maximum C/I
3 Site selection and management
4 Coverage and interference management
     4.1 General
     4.2 Wanted coverage prediction
     4.3 Out-going interference management
          4.3.1 General
          4.3.2 Calculation of out-going T-DAB interference
          4.3.3 Calculation of out-going DVB-T/DVB-T2 interference
5 Post implementation of the network
     5.1 Network coverage and improvement
     5.2 Network problems
6 Impact of DVB-T parameters on SFN performance
     6.1 Constellation
     6.2 Code rate
     6.3 2k/8k FFT
     6.4 Guard interval
     6.5 Data rate versus guard interval
7 Distribution networks for SFNs
     7.1 DVB-T Sat-fed in Italy
     7.2 DVB-T signal distribution in France
     7.3 Distribution of DVB-T/T2 data to the transmitters using IP in Sweden
8 DVB-T case studies
     8.1 National DVB-T SFN deployment in Italy
          8.1.1 Example of a very large SFN: RAI multiplex 2
          8.1.2 Operating the network
          8.1.3 SFN and propagation phenomena on the warm sea
          8.1.4 SFN and propagation phenomena on the ground
          8.1.5 SFN and reflection/scattering phenomena
          8.1.6 Optimization of SFN – DFREE  experience
          8.1.7 Parameters details
          8.1.8 Final technical considerations on SFN design
          8.1.9 Examples of 1-SFN
9 Overview
10 Spectral efficiency and spectrum consumption of DVB-T2 networks
     10.1 Spectral efficiency and spectrum consumption
     10.2 Spectral efficiency of DVB-T2
     10.3 Layer spectrum efficiency of DVB-T2
     10.4 Re-use distances for DVB-T2 networks
11 DVB-T2 Lite
12 DVB-T2 and DVB-T2 Lite case studies
     12.1 Theoretical study on maximum achievable data rates for large DVB T2 SFN areas
          12.1.1 Introduction
          12.1.2 Planning parameters and network structure
          12.1.3 DVB-T2 modes
          12.1.4 Maximum data rate to cover large areas with DVB-T2 theoretical SFNs for mobile, portable and fixed reception
          12.1.5 Minimum required guard interval for various inter-site distances and C/N values
          12.1.6 Summary and Conclusions
     12.2 DVB-T2 and DVB-T2 Lite: Experimental tests in Italy (Aosta Valley)
          DVB-T2 Base
          DVB-T2 Lite
     12.3 Case study on large DVB-T2 SFN in Denmark
          12.3.1 Introduction
          12.3.2 Loss of capacity in an SFN
          12.3.3 Size of SFN
          12.3.4 Limitation in local/regional programming
          12.3.5 Large (national) SFN, example of Denmark
          12.3.6 How do spectrum requirements change with larger SFNs?
     12.4 Case study on DVB-T2 service areas in Sweden
          12.4.1 Introduction
          12.4.2 Parameters
          12.4.3 Network planning
          12.4.4 Population coverage calculation
          12.4.5 Discussion
          12.4.6 Conclusions
     12.5 Practical DVB-T2 based scenarios exploring the interdependence of coverage, capacity, transmission mode and network configuration
          12.5.1 Methodology
          12.5.2 Results
     12.6 Case study on DVB-T2 MFN vs. SFN in the UK
          12.6.1 Introduction
          12.6.2 Background
          12.6.3 Discussion
               12.6.3.1 Method 1
               12.6.3.2 Method 2
          12.6.4 Summary
     12.7 DVB-T/DVB-T2 planning exercise with limited spectrum resources in the UK
     12.8 Effect of sea path propagation - An example in the UK
          12.8.1 Optimising the guard interval in a national SFN
          12.8.2 Results and Analysis
          12.8.3 Summary
     12.9 Optimisation of a DVB-T2 SFN in Malaysia
     12.10 DVB-T2 SFNs Networks and an Extended T2-MIP: a BBC study
13 Impact of T-DAB parameters on SFN performance
     13.1 General
     13.2 Constellation
     13.3 Code rate
     13.4 FFT
     13.5 Guard interval
     13.6 Data rate versus guard interval
14 DAB case studies
     14.1 Italy implementation
          14.1.1 DAB SFNs in Trentino Alto Adige region
          14.1.2 Tests on DAB receivers
     14.2 Static timing in the UK DAB network
     14.3 Static timing in the Bavarian DAB+ network
Part 3  SFN application and implementation of ISDB system
1 Principle of SFN reception
2 Case study for Japan
3 Design of SFN
     3.1 Site location
     3.2 Effective radiation power
     3.3 Antenna radiation pattern
     3.4 Transmission timing adjustment
     3.5 Tools for network design
Part 4  SFN application and implementation of DTMB system
1 Overview
2 Case study for DTMB
     2.1 Local area SFN
          2.1.1 Deployment of DTMB in Single Frequency Network of Hong Kong
               2.1.1.1 Executive Summary
               2.1.1.2  Criteria of Assessment for Transmission Standard
               2.1.1.3  Assessment on Technical Performance of Transmission Standard
               2.1.1.4  DTMB Technical Parameters adopted in HKSAR
               2.1.1.5  Challenges to build DTMB SFN
               2.1.1.6  Implementation Update of DTMB SFN
               2.1.1.7 DTT take-up rate
               2.1.1.8  Conclusion
Annex A  SFN Transmitting Stations completed by the end of 2009
Annex B
Annex C
Annex D
Annex E  Location of the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) Stations  and the estimated coverage (January 2011)
     2.1.2 Deployment of DTMB SFN in Shanghai
          2.1.2.1 Executive summary
          2.1.2.2 Technical parameters of DTMB SFN in Shanghai
          2.1.2.3 Implementation and results of DTMB SFN
          2.1.2.4 Conclusion
     2.2 Deployment of DTMB SFN based on satellite program distribution networks
          2.2.1 System Structure
          2.2.2 Satellite Distribution Networks
          2.2.3 SFN Adapter
          2.2.4 Laboratory and Field Tests
          2.2.5 Conclusion
     2.3 Synchronization scheme of DTMB SFN using IEEE1588v2 standard and time of days
          2.3.1 Introduction
          2.3.2 General
          2.3.3 System structure
          2.3.4 Time distribution network
          2.3.5 SFN adapter
          2.3.6 Lab test
          2.3.7 Field test
          2.3.8 Conclusion