Report ITU-R BS.2385-2 (09/2025) Reducing the environmental impact of terrestrial broadcasting systems
Foreword
Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Keywords
Introduction
Annex 1  Mega solar plans at high power radio transmitting station in Japan
1 Introduction
2 The list of radio transmitting stations with solar power generating facilities
3 Example of mega solar system at a radio transmitting station
     3.1 Overview of the Shobu-Kuki radio transmitting station
     3.2 Prior considerations
          3.2.1 Examinations with actual equipment
          3.2.2 Electromagnetic simulations
          3.2.3 Extended test
          3.2.4 Construction test
     3.3 Arrangement of solar panels
     3.4 Grounding
          3.4.1 Grounding radials
          3.4.2 Grounding for the solar panels
     3.5 Electrical systems
          3.5.1 Solar facilities
          3.5.2 Solar panels
          3.5.3 Electrical network for the solar farm
          3.5.4 Grid connection
     3.6 Power generation and impact
4 Summary
Annex 2  Evaluations of energy consumption associated with  terrestrial television broadcasting
1 Introduction
2 Energy efficiency of terrestrial television broadcasting emissions
3 Energy required by television consumer receivers
4 Conclusions
Annex 3  Power consumption of DVB-T broadcast networks in Germany
1 Introduction
2 Input power and radiant power of transmitters
3 Power consumption of an existing DVB-T network in Germany
4 Comparison with overall power consumption
Annex 4  Wind power generation in the South Atlantic
1 Introduction
2 BBC power station
     2.1 Overview
     2.2 Renewable energy options
          2.2.1 Geothermal
          2.2.2 Solar
          2.2.3 Wave and tidal
          2.2.4 Biomass
          2.2.5 Wind
     2.3 Wind power feasibility study
          2.3.1 Geological conditions at site
          2.3.2 Wind resource monitoring
     2.4 Wind farm implementation
          2.4.1 Wind farm results
          2.4.2 Pre wind farm
          2.4.3 Post wind farm
Annex 5  Solar powered FM broadcasting
1 Introduction
2 System design
3 Modelling a PV system
4 Routine maintenance and replacements
5 BBC World Service systems
     5.1 Original BBC World Service solar/PV systems
     5.2 Development of an off-grid PV system at a FM transmitter site with a lack of infrastructure
          5.2.1 Introduction
          5.2.2 System design
          5.2.3 System load and solar system specification
          5.2.4 Days of autonomy
Annex 6  Application of LCA modelling to television broadcasting
1 Introduction
     1.1 Goal, functional unit, scope and system boundaries
     1.2 Process description
          1.2.1 Preparation
          1.2.2 Broadcast distribution
          1.2.3 Internet preparation and distribution
          1.2.4 Consumption
2 Assumptions
     2.1 Data sources and allocation
          2.1.1 Preparation
               2.1.1.1  Playout and injection of localised content
               2.1.1.2  Encoding and multiplexing
          2.1.2 Terrestrial broadcast distribution
          2.1.3 Satellite broadcast distribution
          2.1.4 Cable distribution
          2.1.5 Internet preparation and distribution
          2.1.6 Home equipment and end-user devices
     2.2 Representing uncertainty and variability
3 Results
     3.1 Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
6 Acknowledgements
7 References
8 Attachment
Annex 7  The energy footprint of BBC radio services: now and in the future
1 Introduction
     1.1 Background
     1.2 Research objectives
     1.3 Scope
          1.3.1 Baseline
          1.3.2 Scenarios
2 Literature review
3 Methods
     3.1 Radio system overview
          3.1.1 Preparation
          3.1.2 Distribution
          3.1.3 Consumption
     3.2 Data acquisition and modelling
          3.2.1 Playout infrastructure
          3.2.2 Audio encoding and multiplexing
          3.2.3 Broadcast infrastructure
          3.2.4 Internet distribution
          3.2.5 Consumer devices
          3.2.6 Home networking equipment
     3.3 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis
4 Results
     4.1 Results: Baseline
     4.2 Sensitivity analysis: Baseline
     4.3 Results: Scenarios
          4.3.1 Scenario 0: Business as Usual
          4.3.2 Scenario 1: Digital Only
          4.3.3 Scenario 2: DAB/IP Only
          4.3.4 Scenario 3: IP Only
          4.3.5 Summary
     4.4 Sensitivity analysis: Scenarios
          4.4.1 Device popularity
          4.4.2 Listening hours
          4.4.3 Radio device power figures
               4.4.3.1 Standby power intervention
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
7 Acknowledgements
Attachment A to Annex 7  Radio device measurements
Attachment B to Annex 7  Radio devices
Attachment C to Annex 7  Radio device power use data sheet
Annex 8  Optimizing terrestrial broadcasting systems’ energy and spectral efficiency using MIMO
1 Introduction
2 Improving source coding efficiency
3 Improving physical layer efficiency
     3.1 Further improving physical layer efficiency