HANDBOOK – DIGITAL RADIO-RELAY SYSTEMS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
FOREWORD
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Intent of Handbook
1.2 Evolution of digital radio-relay systems
1.3 Digital radio-relay systems as part of digital transmission networks
1.4 General overview of the Handbook
1.5 Outline of the Handbook
CHAPTER 2 – BASIC PRINCIPLES
2.1 Digital signals, source coding, digital hierarchies and multiplexing
2.1.1 Digitization (A/D conversion) of analogue voice signals
2.1.2 Digitization of video signals
2.1.3 Non voice services, ISDN and data signals
2.1.4 Multiplexing of 64 kbit/s channels
2.1.5 Higher order multiplexers, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
2.1.6 Other multiplexers
2.1.7 Synchronous multiplexing, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
2.1.8 Interconnection at baseband, physical interface characteristics
2.1.9 Jitter and wander timing and synchronisation
2.2 Fundamentals of terrestrial digital radio-relay systems
2.2.1 Architecture of digital radio-relay systems
REFERENCES TO CHAPTERS 1 AND 2
ITU-R Recommendations:
ITU-T Recommendations:
CHAPTER 3 – LINK DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 Applications of digital radio-relay systems
3.1.1 General
3.1.2 Available frequency bands
3.1.3 Coexistence between analogue and digital radio systems
3.1.4 Digital channel capacity
3.1.5 Digital networks
3.1.6 Radio Local Area Networks (RLAN)
3.2 Performance and availability objectives
3.2.1 Hypothetical digital connection, path and section
3.2.2 Error performance parameters and objectives
3.2.3 Availability performance parameters and objectives
3.2.4 Bringing-into-service and maintenance
3.3 Upgrading from analogue to digital radio systems
3.3.1 Advantages of a new digital microwave system
3.3.2 Existing analogue microwave system characteristics
3.3.3 Difficult digital microwave paths
3.3.4 Antenna feeder systems
3.3.5 Digital microwave system overbuild
3.3.6 Analogue/digital RF coupling arrangements
3.3.7 Analogue spur links
3.3.8 Analogue-to-digital circuit cutover phases
3.3.9 The circuit cutover
3.4 RF channel arrangements
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Spectrum related parameters
3.4.3 Type of channel arrangement
3.4.4 Homogeneous pattern and channel subdivision
3.4.5 Intra-system and inter-system interference criteria
3.5 Band sharing with other services
3.5.1 Assessment of interference from other services
3.5.2 Basic parameters for sharing considerations
3.5.3 Status of studies on frequency sharing within Radiocommunication Study Group 9
REFERENCES TO CHAPTER 3
ITU-R Recommendations:
ITU-R Documents (1996)
ITU-T Recommendations
CHAPTER 4 – DESIGN PARAMETERS
4.1 Propagation related issues
4.1.1 Concept of free space loss
4.1.2 Visibility
4.1.3 Surface reflection
4.1.4 Atmospheric multipath
4.1.5 Precipitation attenuation
4.1.6 Scattering property
4.1.7 Polarization
4.1.8 Gaseous attenuation
4.2 Equipment related aspects
4.2.1 Baseband processing
4.2.2 Modulation and demodulation
4.2.3 Transmitter
4.2.4 Receiver
4.2.5 Radio protection switching
4.2.6 Antennas and feeder systems
4.3 Countermeasures
4.3.1 General explanation
4.3.2 Adaptive equalization
4.3.3 Interference cancellers
4.3.4 Adaptive transmitter power control
4.3.5 Data coding and error correction
4.3.6 Space diversity
4.3.7 Angle diversity
4.3.8 Polarization diversity
4.3.9 Frequency diversity
4.3.10 Synergistic effects
4.3.11 Multi-carrier transmission
REFERENCES TO CHAPTER 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ITU-R Recommendations
ITU-R Reports (1990)
ITU-T Recommendations
CHAPTER 5 – LINK ENGINEERING
5.1 General network and link design considerations
5.1.1 Performance objectives and network planning aspects
5.1.2 Link and hop design objectives
5.2 Preliminary radio route and site selection
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Contour maps
5.2.3 Identification of route alternatives
5.2.4 Use of existing infrastructure and site sharing
5.2.5 Preliminary path profiles
5.2.6 Preliminary performance prediction calculations
5.2.7 Selection of route alternatives
5.2.8 Cost assessment
5.2.9 Selection of “best route alternatives”
5.2.10 Field surveys
5.2.11 Final radio route and site selection
5.3 Link design procedures
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Error performance and availability objectives
5.3.3 Frequency band and channel selection
5.3.4 Path engineering
5.3.5 Interference considerations
5.3.6 Outage prediction for rain
5.3.7 Short-hand design guide
I Desk studies and field surveys
II Link design procedures (see § 5.3)
5.4 Link availability engineering
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Factors affecting availability
5.4.3 Apportionment of availability objectives
5.4.4 Equipment contribution to unavailability
5.4.5 Effectiveness of maintenance arrangements
5.4.6 Calculation of equipment unavailability
5.4.7 Clear air propagation contribution to unavailability
5.4.8 Rain-induced unavailability
5.4.9 Use of redundancy to improve link availability
5.4.10 Calculation of link unavailability
ANNEXES TO CHAPTER 5 – Performance prediction methods
Introduction
ANNEX I TO CHAPTER 5 – Performance prediction, method 1 (fade margin method)
5.I.1 Introduction
5.I.2 Single frequency fading
5.I.3 Broadband or dispersive fading
5.I.4 The total outage
5.I.5 Outage time reduction achieved by diversity systems
5.I.6 Outage time reduction achieved by equalizers
5.I.7 Combined use of equalizer and diversity - the synergistic effect
ANNEX II TO CHAPTER 5 – Performance prediction, method 2 (normalized signature method)
5.II.1 Flat fade margin and noise contribution
5.II.2 Dispersive fade margin based on normalized signature method
5.II.3 Improvement of outage probability by countermeasures
5.II.4 General assessment procedure
ANNEX III TO CHAPTER 5 – Performance prediction, method 3 (“linear amplitude dispersion” (LAD) statistics method)
5.III.1 Basis of the method
5.III.2 The fading model, parameter distributions and assumptions
5.III.3 Signature scaling and normalised system parameters
5.III.4 Outage prediction for non-diversity
5.III.5 Outage prediction for diversity
5.III.6 Simplified outage prediction for non-diversity and diversity
5.III.7 Example application of the prediction method and comparison with measurements
5.III.8 Linear amplitude dispersion (LAD)/in-band (IBAD) method
REFERENCES TO CHAPTER 5
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ITU-R Recommendations
ITU-R Reports (1990)
ITU-T Recommendations
CHAPTER 6 – OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
6.1 System maintenance and administration
6.1.1 Maintenance strategy
6.1.2 Commissioning and acceptance tests
6.1.3 Bringing-into-service (BIS)
6.1.4 Maintenance
6.1.5 Alarms
6.1.6 Service channels
6.1.7 Protection switching
6.1.8 Digital radio-relay systems in a telecommunication management network
6.2 Measurements
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Basic criteria for bit error performance evaluation
6.2.3 OOS measurements
6.2.4 ISMs
6.2.5 Practical considerations in making in-service performance measurements
6.2.6 Jitter and wander measurements
6.2.7 Digital radio-relay equipment measurement
REFERENCES TO CHAPTER 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ITU-R Recommendations
ITU-T Recommendations
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS