Foreword
Publisher's note
What is this report about and who is it for?
Acknowledgements
1 Which viewers have difficulties accessing television?
1.1 Statistics and awareness
1.2 Viewing and age
1.3 Viewing and languages
1.4 Viewing and specific functional impairments
1.5 Viewing and literacy
2 What can currently be done to make audiovisual content more accessible? – The value proposition
2.1 Improving the production of programmes and on-screen programme guides themselves
3 Which access services can currently be offered with television programmes?
3.1 Age-related accessibility options
3.2 Viewing and languages – accessibility options
3.3 Viewing and accessibility options for specific disabilities
3.4 Viewing and literacy – accessibility options
4 Getting started – who needs to do what so that the viewer can see television programmes with access services?
4.1 Receiving and viewing a television signal
4.2 Recording and viewing a television programme after it has been broadcast
4.3 Remote control devices
4.4 Wireless connections to hearing aids
4.5 Access services delivered over non-television networks
4.6 Setting up for television reception
4.7 Discovering programmes and access services
4.8 Viewing a programme with an access service
4.9 Benefiting from the access service
5 How are access services produced, delivered and used?
5.1 Access services from planning to use – work flows
5.2 Captioning
5.3 Signing
5.4 Audio description
5.5 Audio (spoken) captions
5.6 Programme guides and other kinds of on-screen promotion
6 What does it cost to set up and run a given access service for audiovisual content?
6.1 Costs and the television value chain
6.2 Captioning
6.3 Visual signing
6.4 Audio description
6.5 Audio (spoken) captions
6.6 Programme guides and other kinds of on-screen promotion
7 The market for accessibility – what business models exist so that access services can be offered on a sustainable basis?
7.1 Business models for television access service provision
7.2 Business models for television receivers
7.3 Business models and the regulatory climate
7.4 Market opportunities for e-accessibility
8 Managing change – introducing and scaling up an access service
8.1 Introducing a new access service
8.2 Scaling up the level of access service provision to its final target
9 Incentives and sanctions – what mechanisms exist to promote access service provision?
9.1 The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
9.2 Private sector led initiatives
9.3 National negotiated roadmap among stakeholders
9.4 Regulatory approach, national and regional
Appendix (Checklist)
Terminology and definitions
Figure 1: A public service announcement on Japanese television
Figure 2: Scenarios for "open" access services on analogue television
Figure 3: Scenarios for "closed" access services on digital television
Figure 4: Television coverage of the World Cup in South Africa, July 2010
Figure 5: Extract from an accessibility checklist for television pictures
Figure 6: Television news screen layout designed to promote accessibility
Figure 7: Closed captioning designed to fit with other on-screen captions
Figure 8: An example of an Electronic Programming Guide (EPG) from India
Figure 9: "Snow" on an analogue television picture
Figure 10: Digital television artifacts
Figure 11: Language scenarios for hearing impairments
Figure 12: Summary of mature access services, target audiences and user prerequisites
Figure 13: Access service options for language scenarios
Figure 14: Analogue television reception
Figure 15: Analogue television – access service options
Figure 16: Digital television reception – Set-top box with an existing TV set
Figure 17: Digital television reception – Integrated digital television receiver
Figure 18: Digital television – access service options
Figure 19: Extract from an accessibility checklist for television remote controls
Figure 20: A Summary of Access Services from Creation to Use
Figure 21: Pre-prepared same language captioning (intra-lingual subtitling)
Figure 22: Pre-prepared foreign language captioning (inter-lingual subtitling)
Figure 23: Live same language captioning (intra-lingual subtitling)
Figure 24: A television programme for the deaf community
Figure 25: Audio description – basic work flow
Figure 26: Delivering Audio Description (broadcast mix) on digital television by the Danish public service broadcaster DR
Figure 27: Delivering Audio Description (receiver mix) on digital television
Figure 28: Audio (spoken) captions – audio produced by the broadcaster
Figure 29: Audio (spoken) captions – decentral solution using text-to-speech in the receiver
Figure 30: A value chain – making television accessible
Figure 31: Relative production costs for specific television access services
Figure 32: A matrix combining business models for television receivers and access services – twelve scenarios
Figure 33: Advertising incorporating closed captioning
Figure 34: Examples of current bandwidth requirements (approximate figures for terrestrial television broadcasting using DVB)
Figure 35: Global economic activity in 1970 and 2001
Figure 36: Proportion of the world population living in urban and rural areas (1950–2050)
Figure 37: Trade-offs when introducing a new access service
Figure 38: Awareness of audio description before and after the awareness raising campaign in 2008
Figure 39: Channel 21 on Digital Terrestrial TV in Denmark – virtual signing channel
Appendix (Checklist)
Terminology and definitions
Figure 35: Global economic activity in 1970 and 2001