Foreword
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. The ICT Development Index (IDI) – Global Analysis
Key findings
1.1 Introduction and overview
1.2 The ICT Development Index (IDI)
1.3 Global IDI analysis
1.4 The IDI and the digital divide
1.5 Summary and conclusion
Chapter 2. The ICT Development Index (IDI) – regional and country analysis
Key findings
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regional IDI analysis
2.3 Summary and conclusion
Chapter 3. The role of ICTs in monitoring the SDGs
Key findings
3.1 Introduction
3.2 ICTs and SDGs
3.3 The SDG indicator framework
3.4 Summary and conclusion
Chapter 4. ICT prices
Key findings
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mobile-cellular prices
4.3 Fixed-broadband prices
4.4 Mobile-broadband prices
4.5 Monitoring the price of bundled services
Chapter 5. Measuring mobile uptake
Key findings
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Moving beyond subscriptions: phone owners and users
5.3 How many people actually own or use a mobile phone?
5.4 Who does not own or use a mobile phone?
5.5 Why do people not own or use mobile phones?
5.6 Conclusions
Chapter 6. Internet user and activity trends
Key findings
6.1 How the Internet has changed – and changed the world
6.2 Socio-economic factors that determine Internet use
6.3 The Internet is not living up to its potential
6.4 Conclusions
List of references
Annex 1. ICT Development Index (IDI) methodology
1. Indicators included in the IDI
2. Imputation of missing data
3. Normalization of data
4. Weighting and aggregation
5. Calculating the IDI
6. Sensitivity analysis
Annex 2. ICT price data methodology
Price data collection and sources
The mobile-cellular sub-basket
The fixed-broadband sub-basket
Mobile-broadband prices
Annex 3. Statistical tables of indicators used to compute the IDI
Access indicators
Use indicators
Skills indicators
Notes
Annex 4. ICT Prices
Fixed-broadband prices 2015
Mobile-cellular prices 2015 (on-net)
Mobile-cellular prices 2015 (off-net)
Mobile-cellular prices 2015 (to fixed telephone; SMS)
Notes
List of tables, figures, charts and boxes
Table 1.1: IDI values and changes in value, 2015-2016
Table 1.2: IDI rankings and values, 2016 and 2015
Table 1.3: IDI access sub-index rankings and values, 2016 and 2015
Table 1.4: IDI use sub-index rankings and values, 2016 and 2015
Table 1.5: IDI skills sub-index, rankings and values, 2016 and 2015
Table 1.6: Most dynamic countries in IDI rankings and values, 2015-2016
Table 1.7: IDI value change, 2015-2016
Table 1.8: Access sub-index, most dynamic countries, 2015-2016
Table 1.9: Access sub-index value change, 2015-2016
Table 1.10: Use sub-index, most dynamic countries, 2015-2016
Table 1.11: Use sub-index value change, 2015-2016
Table 1.12: IDI by development status, 2016 and 2015
Table 1.13: IDI values for LDCs compared with global values and with all developing countries
Table 1.14: IDI values by IDI quartile, 2015 and 2016
Table 2.1: IDI by region, 2016 and 2015
Table 2.2: Highest- and lowest-ranking countries by region, IDI 2016
Table 2.3: IDI rankings for the Africa region, 2016 and 2015
Table 2.4: Most dynamic countries by IDI ranking and IDI value, Africa, 2015-2016
Table 2.5: IDI ranking and values, Arab States region, 2016 and 2015
Table 2.6: Most dynamic countries by IDI ranking and IDI value, Arab States, 2015-2016
Table 2.7: IDI rankings and values, Asia and Pacific region, 2016 and 2015
Table 2.8: Most dynamic countries by IDI ranking and IDI value, Asia and Pacific, 2015-2016
Table 2.9: IDI ranking and values, CIS region, 2016 and 2015
Table 2.10: IDI ranking and values, Europe region, 2016 and 2015
Table 2.11: Most dynamic countries by IDI ranking and IDI value, Europe region, 2015-2016
Table 2.12: IDI ranking and values, Americas region, 2016 and 2015
Table 2.13: Most dynamic countries by IDI ranking and IDI value, Americas region, 2015-2016
Table 3.1: The Sustainable Development Goals
Table 3.2: ICT indicators and related SDG targets
Table 3.3: Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, per region, 2015
Table 4.1: Mobile-cellular sub-basket, 2015
Table 4.2: Domestic mobile minutes (left) and SMS (right), selected economies, 2014 and 2013
Table 4.3: Top five countries with the cheapest mobile-cellular services in each region, PPP$, 2015
Table 4.4: Fixed-broadband sub-basket, 2015
Table 4.5: Countries with the highest fixed-broadband prices in USD, 2015
Table 4.6: Top three countries with the cheapest mobile-broadband services in each region, PPP$, 2015
Table 4.7: Average mobile-broadband prices and ranges by region, as a percentage of GNI p.c., 2015
Table 4.8: Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid handset-based, 500 MB, 2015
Table 4.9: Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid computer-based, 1 GB, 2015
Table 4.10: Most common bundle combinations found in OECD countries
Table 5.1: Individuals who own a mobile-cellular telephone, broken down by children and adults, 2015
Table 5.2: Individuals who use a mobile-cellular telephone, by urban/rural, 2015 or latest available year, %
Table 6.1: Top Internet activities (latest data 2010-2015)
Table 6.2: Proportion of developed and developing countries in which a particular activity is the top Internet activity or among the top 3 or top 5 activities (latest data 2010-2015)
Annex Table 2.1: OECD mobile-cellular low-user call distribution (2009 methodology)
Figure 1.1: Three stages in the evolution towards an information society
Figure 1.2: ICT Development Index: indicators, reference values and weights
Figure 1.3: Geographical distribution of IDI quartiles, 2016
Figure 4.1: Facebook’s Free Basics around the world, as of June 2016
Figure 4.2: Dynamic discounting systems
Figure 4.3: Dynamic discounting schemes applied in selected countries
Figure 4.4: Individual price structure vs. bundle price structure
Figure 5.1: Main barriers to mobile-phone ownership and usage
Figure 6.1: Gender parity in tertiary education (2015 or latest available)
Box 1.1: The ITU Expert Groups on Telecommunication/ICT Indicators and on ICT Household Indicators
Box 1.2: ICT and IDI developments in the Republic of Korea
Box 1.3: ICT and IDI developments in Iceland
Box 1.4: ICT and IDI developments in Denmark
Box 1.5: ICT and IDI developments in St. Kitts and Nevis and other Eastern Caribbean countries
Box 1.6: ICT and IDI developments in Myanmar
Box 2.1: ICT and IDI developments in Namibia
Box 2.2: ICT and IDI developments in Côte d’Ivoire
Box 2.3: ICT and IDI developments in Jordan
Box 2.4: ICT and IDI developments in Malaysia
Box 2.5: ICT and IDI developments in Bhutan
Box 2.6: ICT and IDI developments in Romania
Box 2.7: ICT and IDI developments in Albania
Box 2.8: ICT and IDI developments in Bolivia
Box 4.1: Zero-rating and price-differentiation schemes
Box 4.2: Smarter and cheaper: Global smartphone prices continue to drop but remain high for low-income population groups
Box 4.3: Mobile broadband takes off in Bhutan
Box 5.1: Definitions of selected indicators to measure mobile-cellular uptake included in the Core List of ICT Indicators of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development
Box 6.1: How to bring seniors online
Box 6.2: Rise of social media
Box 6.3: Research shows side-effects of too much Internet for children
Annex Box 1.1: Weights used for indicators and sub-indices included in the IDI
Annex Box 1.2: Example of how to calculate the IDI value
Annex Box 2.1: Rules applied in collecting mobile-cellular prices
Annex Box 2.2: Rules applied in collecting fixed-broadband Internet price data
Chart 1.1: Global changes in levels of ICT uptake per 100 inhabitants, key ICT indicators, 2005-2016*
Chart 1.2: ICT penetration levels, 2016*, by geographic region
Chart 1.3: ICT penetration levels, 2016*, by level of development
Chart 1.4: Distribution of IDI values between regions
Chart 1.5: IDI values for top-ranking countries, 2015 and 2016
Chart 1.6: IDI values for most dynamic countries, 2015 and 2016
Chart 1.7: IDI and GNI p.c., 2016
Chart 1.8: IDI values by development status, 2015 and 2016
Chart 1.9: IDI values for LDCs compared with global values and with all developing countries
Chart 2.1: IDI by region compared with global average, 2016
Chart 2.2: Average IDI values for each indicator, world and regions, IDI 2015-2016
Chart 2.3: IDI values, Africa region, 2016
Chart 2.4: IDI values, selected countries, Africa, IDI 2015-2016
Chart 2.5: IDI values, Arab States region, 2016
Chart 2.6: IDI values, selected countries, Arab States region, 2015-2016
Chart Box 2.3: Households with Internet, 2006-2015
Chart 2.7: IDI values, Asia and Pacific region, 2016
Chart 2.8: IDI values, selected countries, Asia and Pacific region, 2015-2016
Chart Box 2.5: Bhutan – Active mobile-broadband subscriptions and Internet users (%)
Chart 2.9: IDI values, CIS region, 2016
Chart 2.10: IDI values, selected countries, CIS region, 2015-2016
Chart 2.11: IDI values, Europe region, 2016
Chart 2.12: IDI values, selected countries, Europe, 2015-2016
Chart Box 2.7: Growth in data traffic in Albania
Chart 2.13: IDI values, Americas region, 2016
Chart Box 2.8: Households with Internet, households with a computer and Internet users, Bolivia, 2014
Chart 2.14: IDI values, selected countries, Americas region, 2015-2016
Chart 3.1: Percentage of schools with computers, selected African countries, various years
Chart 3.2: Proportion of individuals with ICT skills, by type of skill, latest available year, 2012-2015
Chart 3.3: Proportion of individuals with reported ICT skills, Sweden, Morocco and Zimbabwe, 2014/2015
Chart 3.4: Proportion of individuals with ICT skills, by type of skill, by sex, developed (left) and developing (right) countries, latest available year (2012-2015)
Chart 3.5: Proportion of individuals owning a mobile phone, by sex, 2014/2015
Chart 3.6: Mobile network coverage and evolving technologies, 2007-2016
Chart 3.7: Proportion of individuals using the Internet, by region and by development status, 2016*
Chart 3.8: Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed, 2015
Chart Box 4.1: Percentage of data plans, by type of plan, by country
Chart Box 4.2: Average selling price of smartphones, 2015
Chart 4.1: Mobile-cellular sub-basket, as a percentage of GNI p.c. (top), in PPP$ (middle) and in USD (bottom), 2008-2015
Chart 4.2: Mobile numbers ported, developed (left) and developing (right) countries, 2014
Chart 4.3: Mobile-cellular prices as a percentage of GNI p.c. (top), in PPP$ (middle) and in USD (bottom) by region, 2015
Chart 4.4: Fixed-broadband sub-basket, as a percentage of GNI p.c. (top), in PPP$ (middle) and in USD (bottom), 2008-2015
Chart 4.5: Most common entry-level fixed-broadband speed, globally and by level of development
Chart 4.6: Fixed-broadband prices by region, 2015, in USD (left) and in PPP$ (right)
Chart 4.7: Fixed-broadband prices as a percentage of GNI p.c., speeds and caps, Africa, 2015
Chart 4.8: Fixed-broadband prices as a percentage of GNI p.c., speeds and caps, Americas, 2015
Chart 4.9: Fixed-broadband prices as a percentage of GNI p.c., speeds and caps, CIS, 2015
Chart 4.10: Fixed-broadband prices as a percentage of GNI p.c., speeds and caps, Europe, 2015
Chart 4.11: Fixed-broadband prices as a percentage of GNI p.c., speeds and caps, Arab States, 2015
Chart 4.12: Fixed-broadband prices as a percentage of GNI p.c., speeds and caps, Asia and the Pacific, 2015
Chart 4.13: Availability of mobile-broadband services by type of service, by level of development, 2012-2015
Chart 4.14: 500 MB handset-based (left) and 1 GB computer-based (right) mobile-broadband prices: as a percentage of GNI p.c. (top graph), in PPP$ (middle graph) and in USD (bottom graph), 2013-2015
Chart 4.15: Percentage of Internet users that used the Internet on the move, selected economies, 2013 and 2014
Chart 4.16: Mobile data traffic per subscription per month, selected economies, 2012-2014
Chart 4.17: Comparison of postpaid fixed-broadband prices and postpaid computer-based mobile-broadband prices (1 GB/month), in USD, by level of development, 2014 and 2015
Chart 4.18: Comparison of prepaid mobile-cellular prices and prepaid handset-based mobile-broadband (500 MB/month) prices, in USD, by level of development, 2014 and 2015
Chart Box 4.3: Mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband penetration in Bhutan, 2008-2015
Chart 4.19: Prepaid handset-based mobile-broadband prices (500 MB per month) as a percentage of GNI p.c. and data volume (cap) included, in the Africa region, 2015 and 2014
Chart 4.20: Prepaid handset-based mobile-broadband prices (500 MB per month) as a percentage of GNI p.c. and data volume (cap) included, in the Arab States region, 2015 and 2014
Chart 4.21: Prepaid handset-based mobile-broadband prices (500 MB per month) as a percentage of GNI p.c. and data volume (cap) included, in the Asia-Pacific region, 2015 and 2014
Chart 4.22: Prepaid handset-based mobile-broadband prices (500 MB per month) as a percentage of GNI p.c. and data volume (cap) included, in the CIS region, 2015 and 2014
Chart 4.23: Prepaid handset-based mobile-broadband prices (500 MB per month) as a percentage of GNI p.c. and data volume (cap) included, in Europe, 2015 and 2014
Chart 4.24: Prepaid handset-based mobile-broadband prices (500 MB per month) as a percentage of GNI p.c. and data volume (cap) included, in the Americas, 2015 and 2014
Chart 4.25: Availability of standalone offers (% of operators) by service, selected OECD economies (left),
Chart 4.26: Proportion of households in the EU that subscribe to bundled (two or more) telecommunication services, 2014 (right)
Chart 4.27: Voice and TV services included in fixed-broadband offers, OECD
Chart 4.28: Price range over and above the price of the cheapest individual fixed-broadband offer, selected OECD countries, January 2016
Chart 4.29: Price difference for bundling fixed voice with fixed broadband, selected OECD/EU countries, March 2016
Chart 5.1: Global mobile-cellular subscriptions and population coverage, 2008-2016*
Chart 5.2: Mobile-cellular subscriptions and mobile-phone users, selected economies, 2015
Chart 5.3: Evolution of mobile-cellular penetration, 2010, 2015
Chart 5.4: Individuals using a mobile-cellular telephone, 2015 or latest available year
Chart 5.5: Individuals who own a mobile-cellular telephone, 2015 or latest available year
Chart 5.6: Comparison between individuals who own a mobile-cellular telephone and individuals who use a mobile-cellular telephone, 2015 or latest available year
Chart 5.7: Individuals who own a mobile-cellular telephone, broken down by age group, 2015 or latest available year
Chart 5.8: Individuals using a mobile-cellular telephone, broken down by age group, 2015 or latest available year
Chart 5.9: Individuals owning a mobile-cellular telephone and using a mobile-cellular telephone, broken down by age group, India, 2015
Chart 5.10: Individuals who own a mobile-cellular telephone (left) and using a mobile-cellular telephone (right), broken down by gender, 2015 or latest available year
Chart 5.11: Individuals who do not own a mobile-cellular telephone, by gender and level of education, 2015 or latest available year
Chart 5.12: Individuals who do not use a mobile-cellular telephone, by gender and rural/urban, 2015 or latest available year
Chart 6.1: Proportion of Internet users accessing the Internet while mobile via a mobile-cellular telephone connected to a mobile phone network (2010 and 2015 unless otherwise specified)
Chart 6.2: Top three most frequent locations for Internet use in developed (top) and developing (bottom) countries, as a percentage of individuals using the Internet by location; latest data 2012-2015
Chart 6.3: Time spent on mobile vs. desktop per content category in the United States
Chart 6.4: Internet and IP traffic
Chart 6.5: Distribution of Wikipedia articles by language 2003-2016
Chart 6.6: Proportion of individuals using the Internet by level of development (left) and by region (right)
Chart 6.7: Proportion of individuals in LDCs using the Internet, 2015
Chart 6.8: Internet usage by income distribution in OECD countries (2015 unless otherwise specified)
Chart 6.9: Households with Internet access by household income distribution in Latin America (latest data 2013-2015)
Chart 6.10: Internet access by household income distribution in Latin America (selected countries)
Chart 6.11: Internet use by level of education in developed (top) and developing (bottom) countries (latest data 2013-2015)
Chart 6.12: Internet user gender gap (2013 and 2016)
Chart 6.13: Internet usage among individuals over the age of 74 compared with the general population (latest data 2013-2015)
Chart 6.14: Trends in Internet usage rates by age group (Japan)
Chart 6.15: Proportion of individuals in urban and rural areas using the Internet (latest data 2010-2015)
Chart 6.16: Coverage of mobile-cellular networks in relation to world population and the number of Internet users (2007-2016)
Chart 6.17: Top barriers to household Internet access at home in developed and developing countries (latest data 2013-2015)
Chart 6.18: Trends regarding activities on the Internet (2006-2015; selected activities)
Box Chart 6.2.1: Monthly active accounts in social media (2009-2016*; in billions)
Box Chart 6.2.2: Monthly active accounts for instant-messaging services (2012-2016*, in billions)
Chart 6.19: Internet use by countries’ income levels (selected activities)
Chart 6.20: Proportion of Internet users downloading software (left) and seeking health information (right) (latest data 2013-2015).
Chart 6.21: Proportion of Internet users participating in social media (latest data 2013-2015)
Chart 6.22: Internet use by activity and education level (selected activities; latest data 2013-2015)
Chart 6.23: Adolescents’ (age 15-24) use of the Internet compared with that of the general population