Connecting every school in Indonesia to the Internet: Policy landscape assessment Foreword Table of contents Abbreviations Executive summary 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Content of the policy assessment 2 School connectivity amid digital transformation and the pandemic 2.1 Indonesia country profile 2.2 Policy context 2.3 Concluding remarks 3 Governance 3.1 Institutional framework 3.2 Regulatory framework 4 Opportunities, gaps and challenges 4.1 Overall funding and financing 4.2 Universal service framework 4.3 Issues for consideration 4.3.1 Using WOAN to cut local-loop costs 4.3.2 Alternative funding models for redistributing national resources for school connectivity 4.3.3 Derived funding methods for well-developed regions 4.3.4 Derived funding methods for less-developed regions 4.4 Recommendations for BAKTI 4.5 Guidelines for applying USO funding 5 Conclusions Bibliography