ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) - Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)

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Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)

List of technical documents on fundamentals of Internationalized Domain Names and related issues

IDNA Standard

Fältström, P., Hoffman, P. and A. Costello, "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", RFC 3490, March 2003.
Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", RFC 3491, March 2003.
Costello, A., "Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for use with Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", RFC 3492, March 2003.
Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")", RFC 3454, December 2002.

IDNAbis issues

Alvestrand H., Karp C., "An updated IDNA criterion for right-to-left scripts", Internet-Draft, February 2008
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-alvestrand-idna-bidi-04.txt
Faltstrom, P., "The Unicode Codepoints and IDNA", Internet-Draft, February 2008
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-faltstrom-idnabis-tables-05.txt
Klensin, J., "Internationalizing Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Issues, Explanation, and Rationale", Internet-Draft, February 2008
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-klensin-idnabis-issues-07.txt
Hoffman, P., “High-level Changes From IDNA2003 To IDNA200x”, Internet-Draft, March 2008
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-hoffman-idna200x-topics-01.txt

IDN Registration guidelines

Konishi, K., Huang, K., Qian, H., and Y. Ko, "Joint Engineering Team (JET) Guidelines for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Registration and Administration for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean", RFC 3743, April 2004.
Klensin, J., “Suggested Practices for Registration of Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)”, RFC 4290, December 2005.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), "Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names, Version 1.0", June2003.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), "Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names, Version 2.1", February 2006.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), "Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names, Version 2.2", April 2007.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), "Repository of IDN Practices", April 2004.
Klensin, J., Faltstrom, P., Karp C., "Review and Recommendations for Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs)", RFC 4690, September 2006 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4690.txt
Lee, X., Mao, W., Chen, E., Hsu, N., Klensin, J., "Registration and Administration Recommendations for Chinese Domain Names", RFC 4713, October 2006 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4713.txt
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), "Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names, Version 2.2", April 2007. http://www.icann.org/announcements/announcement-2-11may07.htm

Internationalising of TLDs

Klensin, J., “National and Local Characters for DNS Top Level Domain (TLD) Names”, RFC 4185, October 2005.
GNSO Preliminary Issues Report Policy Issues relating to IDN at the top-level, May 2006
Outcomes Report of the GNSO Internationalised Domain Names Working Group (IDN WG), 22 March 2007.
"ccNSO-GAC Issues Report on IDN Policy Issues, Selection of IDN ccTLDs associated with the ISO 3166-1 two letter codes", July 2007 http://www.icann.org/topics/idn/ccnso-gac-issues-report-on-idn-09jul07.pdf

IDN Security Issues

Davis, M., Suignard M., Unicode Technical Standard #39: "Unicode Security Mechanisms", August 2006.
Davis, M., Suignard M., Unicode Technical Report #36: "Unicode Security Considerations", August 2006.

Unicode

The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 3.2.0, defined by: The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 2000. ISBN 0-201-61633-5), as amended by the Unicode Standard Annex #27: Unicode 3.1 and the Unicode Standard Annex #28: Unicode 3.2
ISO/IEC 10646:2003, Information technology -- Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS)
Davis, M., Duerst, M., Unicode Standard Annex#15: “Unicode Normalization Forms, Version 3.2.0”, March 2002.
Whistler, K., Davis, M., Unicode Technical Report#17: “Character Encoding Model”, September 2004.
Davis, M., Unicode Technical Report #21: “Case Mappings”, March 2001.
Davis, M., Unicode Standard Annex #9: “The Bidirectional Algorithm”, March 2005.
Davis, M., Unicode Standard Annex #31: “Identifier and Pattern Syntax”, March 2005.
Davis, M., Unicode Standard Annex #24: “Script Names”, March 2005.

DNS essentials

Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989.

Software Tools

GNU Libidn is an implementation of the Stringprep, Punycode and IDNA specifications used for internationalized domain names. The C library is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License.
Internet Mail Consortium IDNA Test Tool provides an IDNA test interface and perl code to implement IDNA.

ITU Resolutions

Plenipotentiary Resolution 102 (rev. Marrakesh, 2002): Management of Internet Names and Addresses
Plenipotentiary Resolution 133 (Marrakesh, 2002): Role of administrations of Member States in the management of internationalized (multilingual) domain names
WTSA Resolution 48 (Florianópolis, 2004): Internationalized Domain Names

Other documents

Phillips A., Davis, M., "Tags for Identifying Languages", Internet-Draft, March 2008
Yao, J., Mao, W., "SMTP extension for internationalized email address", Internet-Draft, January 2008
Abel, Y., "Internationalized Email Headers", Internet-Draft, February 2008
Gulbrandsen, A., Newman, C., "Internet Message Access Protocol Internationalization", Internet-Draft, February 2008
Phillips, A., Ed. and M. Davis, Ed., "Tags for Identifying Languages", RFC 4646, September 2006
Klensin, J., Padlipsky M., "Unicode Format for Network Interchange",RFC 5198 March 2008
Klensin J., Ko Y., "Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email", RFC 4952, July 2007
Gellens, R., Chung, E., "Mailing Lists and Internationalized Email Addresses", Internet-Draft, February 2008
Yoneya, Y., Fujiwara, K., "Downgrading mechanism for Email Address Internationalization", Internet-Draft, March 2008
Alvestrand, H., “IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages”, BCP 18, RFC 2277, January 1998.
Alvestrand H., “Tags for the Identification of Languages”, RFC3066, Jan 2001.
Hoffman, P., "Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF",RFC 3536, May 2003.
Klensin, J., “Role of the Domain Name System (DNS)”, RFC 3467, February 2003.
Yergeau, F., Alis Technologies, „UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646”, RFC 2279, January 1998.
IAB and L. Daigle, “A Tangled Web: Issues of I18N, Domain Names, and the Other Internet protocols”, RFC 2825, May 2000.
World Wide Web Consortium, “An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses”, January 2005.
Omniglot with references to writing systems and languages of the world
Alan Wood’s Unicode Resources including an RSS newsfeed on new Unicode-related resources