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Annex 1 Technical and operational aspects of ground-based
meteorological radars
1 Introduction
2 Overview
2.1 Radar equation for
single target
2.2 Meteorological radar
equation
3 General meteorological radars
principles
3.1 Example of
meteorological radar operation in the frequency band 2.7-2.9 GHz
3.1.1 Precipitation
estimation
Example of meteorological radar operation in the frequency
band 5.6-5.65 GHz
3.1.2 Precipitation
measurements principle
3.2 Wind measurements
principle
3.3 Example of
meteorological radar operation in portions of the frequency range 8.5‑10.5 GHz
4 Comparison of meteorological
radars to other radars
4.1 Specificities with
regards to protection criteria
4.2 Specificities with
regards to emission schemes and scanning strategies
4.3 Specificities related
to noise calibration
5 Operational modes for
meteorological radar
5.1 Clear air mode
5.2 Precipitation mode
6 Meteorological radar data
products
6.1 Conventional
meteorological radar base data products
6.1.1 Base reflectivity
6.1.2 Mean
radial velocity
6.1.3 Spectrum
width
6.2 Dual polarization
meteorological radar products
6.2.1 Differential
reflectivity
6.2.2 Correlation
coefficient
6.2.3 Linear
depolarization ratio
6.2.4 Specific
differential phase
6.3 Derived data products
7 Antenna pattern and antenna
dynamics
7.1 Volume scan antenna
movement
7.2 Other antenna movement
strategies
7.3 Antenna patterns
8 Effects of interference and
solar noise on meteorological radars
8.1 Impact of interference
on modes of operation
8.2 Impact of interference
upon base products
8.3 Mathematical
derivation of meteorological radar protection criteria
8.4 Types of possible
interference
8.4.1 Impact of
a constant interference
8.4.2 Impact of
pulsed interference
8.4.3 Impact of
a time-varying interference
8.5 Conclusions on
meteorological radars protection criteria
9 Impact of wind turbines
9.1 Masking
9.2 Clutter
9.3 Backscattered energy
from turbulent eddies
9.4 Examples of wind
turbine clutter
9.5 Impact of wind turbine
clutter on meteorological radar operations and forecasting accuracy
10 Previous tests of meteorological
radar systems
11 Future tests
12 Propagation models
13 Future trends
14 Summary
Annex 2 Characteristics of meteorological radars
1 Meteorological radars in the
frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz
2 Meteorological radars in the
frequency range 5 250-5 725 MHz
3 Meteorological radars in the
frequency band 9 300-9 500 MHz