OUTSIDE PLANT TECHNOLOGIES FOR PUBLIC NETWORKS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I – BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES
CHAPTER 1 – BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE USAGE OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES
Introduction
1 General
2 Cable ƒ characterized by service function
2.1 Trunk and junction
2.2 Main cables
2.3 Distribution cables
3 Cable ƒ characterized by supporting structure
3.1 Ducts
3.2 Aerial
3.3 Direct buried
3.4 Underwater
3.5 Building (indoor)
3.6 Cable tunnel
4 Cable environment
4.1 Duct cables
4.2 Aerial cables
4.3 Buried cables
4.4 Building cables and wires
4.5 Open wire
4.6 Subscriber connection wire
4.7 Cable tunnel cables
5 Cable-structure design considerations
5.1 Underground systems
5.2 Pole lines
5.3 Buried construction
5.4 Buildings
5.5 Cable tunnels
6 Cable types general
7 Cable size
8 Conductor size
CHAPTER 2 – BASIC MATERIALS TO BE USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES
1 Basic materials to be used for the construction of telecommunication cables
2 Metals
2.1 Copper
2.2 Aluminium
2.3 Lead and its alloys
2.4 Steel
3 Plastics
3.1 Plastic insulation materials
3.2 Plastic sheath materials
4 Paper
5 Compounds for impregnating and coating the external protection of metallic sheaths and armourings
5.1 Compound characteristics
5.2 Properties
CHAPTER 3 – THE BASIC ELEMENTS USED IN TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES
1 Conductors
1.1 Copper
1.2 Aluminium
1.3 Special conductor materials
2 Symmetrical pairs (pair or quad)
2.1 Insulation
2.2 Make up
2.3 Electrical characteristics
3 Coaxial pair
3.1 Dielectric insulation
3.2 Screening tapes
3.3 Outer conductor insulation
3.4 Electrical characteristics
4 Water blocking of cable core
4.1 Paper or pulp insulation
4.2 Embedded cellulose fibres
4.3 Continuously filled cable
4.4 Discrete water blocks
5 Cable core wrapping
6 Cable sheath
6.1 Screening
6.2 Metal sheaths
6.3 Plastic sheath
6.4 Anti corrosion sheath servings
6.5 Termite protection
7 Armouring
7.1 Beddings for armoured cable
7.2 Steel tape armouring
7.3 Steel tape armouring
7.4 Servings for armoured cables
8 Sheath combinations
CHAPTER 4 – BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION CABLE CORE AND SHEATH MAKEUPS
1 Symmetric pair polyolefin insulated conductor cables
1.1 General
1.2 Cable core construction
2 Coaxial cable
2.1 General
2.2 Cable core construction
3 Pulp insulated unit twin cab
3.1 General
3.2 Cable core construction
4 Symmetric pair paper insulated cables
4.1 General
4.2 Cable core construction
5 Cable sheath
5.1 Plastic sheath without metallic layer
5.2 Metal/plastic sheath with aluminium tape
5.3 Metal/plastic sheath with aluminium tape and tinned-steel tape
5.4 Metal/plastic bonded sheath with coated aluminium or steel tape
5.5 Metal/plastic sheath with copper/steel/copper laminated tape
5.6 Metal/plastic sheath with welded metal sheath
5.7 Cables of special construction
5.8 Composite sheath construction
6 Special aerial cable construction
6.1 Self-supporting sheath
7 Subscriber connection cables
7.1 Flat self-supported connection cable
7.2 Round self-supported connection cable
7.3 Buried connection cable
8 Cable sheath information
8.1 Identification
8.2 Length marking
Glossary
PART II – INSTALLATION AND ASSEMBLAGE OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES AND THEIR SUPPORTING STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL RULES FOR THE INSTALLATION AND ASSEMBLAGE OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES IN PUBLIC NETWORKS
1 Planning considerations
1.1 General
1.2 Specific
2 Planning and design guidelines
2.1 Overhead plant
2.2 Direct buried plant
2.3 Duct (underground) plant
CHAPTER 2 – PRINCIPAL METHODS FOR THE INSTALLATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES AND THEIR SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
Introduction
Economy
Maintenance
Service reliability and safety
Aesthetic considerations
Local authority requirements
1 Overhead plant
1.1 General
1.2 Supports
1.3 Wires, cables and strands
1.4 Aerial cable installation
1.5 Earthing provisions
2 Direct buried plant
2.1 Cable locations
2.2 Methods
2.3 Primary equipment
2.4 Secondary equipment
2.5 Cable placing
2.6 Backfilling and ground restoration
3 Duct (underground) plant
3.1 General
3.2 Conduit and pipe
3.3 Placement
3.4 Manholes
3.5 Cable installation
CHAPTER 3 – SYMMETRICAL AND COAXIAL PAIRS JOINTING TECHNIQUES
Introduction
1 Methods or jointing symmetrical pairs in communication cables
1.1 General
1.2 Manual methods of jointing
1.3 Welding
1.4 Connector jointing
2 Methods of jointing coaxial conductors in communication cables
2.1 General
2.2 Methods of jointing inner conductors
2.3 Restoration of inner conductor insulation
2.4 Methods of jointing outer conductors
2.5 Methods of screening the Joint
2.6 Insulation or sealing of the completed coaxial joint
2.7 Coaxial pair joints
3 Assessment of conductor joint performance
3.1 General
3.2 Functional tests
3.3 Accelerated aging tests
References
CHAPTER 4 – METHODS FOR CABLE SHEATHS JOINTING
1 Introduction
2 Types of cable sheath
2.1 General comments
2.2 Type A Plastic sheath without metallic layer
2.3 Type B Metal/plastic sheath with aluminium tape
2.4 Type C ƒ Metal/plastic sheath with aluminium tape and tinned-steel tape
2.5 Type D – Metal/plastic bonded sheath with coated aluminium strip
2.6 Type E • Metal/plastic sheath with copper/steel/copper laminated strip
2.7 Type F • Metal/plastic sheath with welded metal sheath
2.8 Cable of special construction
3 Classification of joint methods
3.1 General comments
3.2 Cold processes
3.3 Hot processes
4 Detailed description of processes used in various countries
4.1 Cold processes
4.2 Hot processing
4.3 Special devices used in hot processes for joints between plastic and metal sheaths
4.4 Jointing of aerial cables
4.5 Test methods
CHAPTER 5 – METHODS OF TERMINATING CABLE CONDUCTORS
Introduction
1 Location of the terminations
1.1 Main distribution frame
1.2 Loop distribution network
1.3 Network termination units/protector housings
2 Termination types for symmetric pair conductors
2.1 Wire-wrapping type
2.2 Solder-on type
2.3 Wrap and solder type
2.4 Binder post type
2.5 Insulation displacement contact (IDC) type
2.6 Termination for unused conductors
3 Termination types for coaxial conductors
3.1 Connector types
3.2 Direct joint type
4 Termination devices for coaxial conductors
4.1 Terminal unit in exchange
4.2 Cable heads
4.3 Terminal devices in repeater housings
5 Termination devices for symmetric pair cables
5.1 Main frame (MDF) terminations
5.2 Distribution cabinet terminations
5.3 Regeneration equipment terminations
5.4 Distribution network terminations
5.5 Customer terminations
6 Electrical characteristics of terminations
6.1 Cable access, connecting plugs to coaxial pairs
6.2 Terminations for long distance symmetrical pair cables
6.3 Terminations for local symmetric pair cables
7 Environmental requirements for terminations
Glossary
PART III – PRESSURIZATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 – OBJECTIVES AND ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS, DEFINITIONS
1 Objectives and advantages
2 Limitations
3 Importance of leaks arising from various faults in sheaths or joints
4 Pressurization of optical fibre cables
5 Definitions
6 Units
Bibliography
CHAPTER 2 – GAS SUPPLY EQUIPMENT
1 Gases used
2 Qualities
3 Quantities
4 Supplies
4.1 Cylinders
4.2 Air compressors
5 Methods of drying gas
5.1 Compression-expansion
5.2 Refrigeration
5.3 Desiccation
6 Alarms
6.1 Humidity alarm
6.2 Pressure fail alarm
Bibliography
CHAPTER 3 – SYSTEM PLANNING
1 General conditions
2 Static system
3 Continuous-feed system
4 Continuous-feed pipeline system
5 Design considerations
5.1 Requirements for underground cables
5.2 Aerial cable requirements
6 Equipment requirements
7 Rapid pressurization
8 The use of gas blocks
8.1 Gas plug for cables with paper or pulp insulation
8.2 Gas plug for cables with plastic insulation
8.3 Gas plug for universal use on plastic, pulp and paper insulation
8.4 Gas plugs for coaxial terminations at repeater housings
8.5 Gas plugs for coaxial terminal units in exchange plant
8.6 Gas plugs with by-pass
8.7 Pre-plugged cables
Bibliography
CHAPTER 4 – FEEDING AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT
1 General
2 Measurement and alarm devices
3 Gas pressure required
3.1 Dry air supply requirements
4 Air intake system methods
5 Continuous-feed pipeline system
5.1 Pipeline alarm meter panel
5.2 Location of distribution points
5.3 Automatic non-return valve
6 Pressure alarm systems (the spacing of pressure alarms)
7 Alarm panels
8 Pressure transducers
9 Flow alarm system
10 Flow transducers
11 Non-return valves
12 By-pass valves
13 Compressed gas blocking and compressed gas switching unit
14 Test valves
15 Remote gas pressure monitoring system
15.1 System design
15.2 Effects of introducing the system
16 Maintenance of pressurization system
Bibliography
CHAPTER 5 – PORTABLE INSTRUMENTS
1 General
2 Precautions when using portable instruments
3 Single-limb mercury manometers
4 Differential spirit manometers
5 Bourdon tube pressure gauge
6 Precision aneroid pressure gauge
7 Barometers
8 Cable drills
9 Leak-detecting fluid
10 Super-audio frequency (ultrasonic) leak detectors
11 Halogenized gas detectors
12 Radioactive tracer-gas
13 Helium or hydrogen gas detection
Bibliography
CHAPTER 6 – THE FLOW OF GAS IN CABLES
1 Magnitudes to be considered when dealing with the flow of gas in cables
2 Relation between pressure drop, rate of flow and pneumatic resistance
2.1 Theory
2.2 Theory applicable to cables with low pneumatic resistance
2.3 Theory applicable to cables with high pneumatic resistance
3 Pneumatic resistance
3.1 Paper cables
3.2 Quadded cables with polyethylene insulation
4 Pneumatic volume and pneumatic capacitance
4.1 Paired cable
4.2 Quadded cables with polyethylene insulation
5 Decay
5.1 Paired cable
5.2 Quadded cable
6 The flow of gas through a leak
6.1 The pneumatic resistance of a leak
6.2 The rate of gas flow through the leak
6.3 Protective flow
6.4 Minimum pressure
6.5 Acceptable leakage
7 Calculation of protective flow
8 Pressure gradient
Bibliography
CHAPTER 7 – LOCATING GAS LEAKS
1 Generalities
2 Approximate location
2.1 Pressure gradient method
2.2 Location by successive measurements
2.3 Location by a series of simultaneous measurements
2.4 Location by telemonitoring of extensometric pressure tranducers
2.5 Location by remote gas pressure monitoring
3 Correction to pressure measurements
3.1 Correction for atmospheric pressure
3.2 Correction for temperature
3.3 Corrections for altitude and temperature
3.4 Comments on gas pressure curves
3.5 Examples
4 Accurate location
5 Other methods of approximate fault location
5.1 Both-end pressure measuring method
5.2 Gas flow analysis method
5.3 Pneumatic resistance measurement method
5.4 Pressure-sensitive contactor method
5.5 Time-delay contactor method
5.6 Remote measuring method
6 Practical considerations
Bibliography
PART IV A – PROTECTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES AND ASSOCIATED HARDWARE AGAINST CORROSION
CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL
1 Introduction
2 Relationship between corrosion and structure/soil potential
2.1 Stray currents
2.2 Currents due to geological cells
2.3 Local action
2.4 Cathodic protection
2.5 Conclusions
3 Different types of corrosion
3.1 Definitions
3.2 Electrolytic corrosion
3.3 Stray current corrosion
3.4 Electrochemical corrosion other than electrolytic
4 Types of sheath and armour damage due to corrosion
4.1 General
4.2 Photographs showing typical cases of corrosion
5 Ways of identifying different types of corrosion
5.1 Methods of examination
5.2 Description of corrosion products
5.3 Characteristic elements of corrosion of lead
CHAPTER 2 – IDENTIFICATION OF THE CORROSION HAZARD
1 General
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fundamental information for this chapter
2 Identification of the non-electrolytic electrochemical corrosion hazard occurring mainly in soil
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physical and chemical properties of importance in assessing aggressiveness of soils, soil water or other types of water
2.3 Assessment of soils, soil water or other types of water
2.4 Intercrystalline corrosion
3 Identification of the electrolytic corrosion hazard
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Origin of earth currents which cause electrolytic corrosion
3.3 General information for electrical measurements
3.4 Electrical measurement method
CHAPTER 3 – WAYS AND MEANS OF PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION
1 General
2 Biological corrosion
3 Non-electrolytic corrosion
3.1 Coverings
3.2 Steel armouring
3.3 Lead
3.4 Aluminium
4 Electrolytic corrosion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 How to reduce stray currents
4.3 Protection of underground cable networks
4.4 Interaction
4.5 Other ways of protection against electrolytic corrosion
4.6 General procedure
4.7 Combined protection of communication cables against stray currents, electromagnetic influences and lightning
4.8 Joint cathodic protection
5 Protection against internal corrosion
CHAPTER 4 – PLANNING OF PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION
1 General
2 Planning of protection against corrosion for newly built communication structures
3 Planning of corrosion protection on existing communication structures
4 Planning of joint electrochemical protection
5 Corrosion protection of underground repeater containers
6 Planning of combined protection
CHAPTER 5 – MAINTENANCE ARRANGEMENTS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION
1 General
2 Maintenance arrangements for protection against corrosion
References
PART IV B – PROTECTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES, SUPPORT AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE AGAINST OTHER HAZARDS
CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL
1 Introduction
2 Damage due to biological effects
3 Damage due to mechanical influences
3.1 Static mechanical load
3.2 Dynamic mechanical load
3.3 Radial impact mechanical load
4 Damage due to physical and chemical attack
5 Damage due to fire attack
CHAPTER 2 – PROTECTION AGAINST BIOTIC DAMAGE
1 Introduction
2 Outline
2.1 Types of organisms responsible for damage and damaged facilities
2.2 Characteristics of biotic damage
2.3 Investigation of biotic damage
2.4 Protective measures
3 Rodent damage and protective measures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Rodents responsible for damage and damaged facilities
3.3 Characteristics of rodent damage
3.4 Protective measures
4 Bird damage and protective measures
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Birds responsible for damage and damaged facilities
4.3 Characteristics of bird damage
4.4 Protective measures
5 Insect damage and protective countermeasures
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Insects responsible for damage and damaged facilities
5.3 Characteristics of insect damage
5.4 Protective measures
References
CHAPTER 3 – PROTECTION AGAINST MECHANICAL DAMAGE
1 Introduction
1.1 Precautions to be taken in order to avoid stress or vibrations likely to cause intercrystalline desintegration in a lead cable sheath
2 Static mechanical load
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Static strength calculations for overhead cables
3 Dynamic mechanical load
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Dynamic mechanical load of underground cables
3.3 Dynamic mechanical load of overhead cables
4 Example
CHAPTER 4 – PROTECTION OF THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS AGAINST PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ATTACK
1 Introduction
2 Polyethylene for insulation and sheathing
2.1 General
2.2 Structure of polyethylene (PE)
2.3 Basic properties of PE
2.4 Mechanical properties
2.5 Physical interaction with surroundings
2.6 Thermo-oxidative degradation
2.7. Stability of sheathing material
References
CHAPTER 5 – PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE
1 Introduction
2 Security plan and safety regulations
3 Installation
3.1 Indoor installation
3.2 Wall and floor cable sealing
4 Cables
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Choice of cables for fire hazard reduction
5 Test methods
5.1 Flame propagation
5.2 Fire propagation
5.3 Acid gas/corrosion
5.4 Smoke density
5.5 Fire integrity
5.6 Toxicity
5.7 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)
6 Detection of fire
7 Specific measures against damage
8 Clean up and recovery procedures
Glossary
PART V – FAULT LOCATION AND REPAIR OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
1 Safety
2 Jointing of coaxial and symmetrical cables
3 Shield continuity
4 Closures
5 Causes of damage to cable sheath
6 Causes of damage to conductors
7 Description of cable conductor faults and their characteristics
CHAPTER 2 – TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION TO LOCATE FAULTS
1 Terminal types
1.1 Resistance fault location
1.2 Open fault location
1.3 Combination resistance and open fault location
1.4 Cable characteristic tester for digital subscriber loops of metallic conductor cables
2 Tracing type
2.1 Sheath fault location
CHAPTER 3 – COAXIAL CABLE FAULT LOCATION WITH TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY
CHAPTER 4 – PROCEDURES FOR REPAIRING FAULTS AND SHEATHS
1 Application matrix
2 Cable section replacement
2.1 Type of fault
2.2 In-service replacement
2.3 Out-of-service replacement
3 Procedures for repairing faults using thermoshrinkable wraparound sleeves
3.1 General
3.2 Thermoshrinkable cable repair sleeves for unpressurized applications only
3.3 Thermoshrinkable cable repair sleeves for pressurized applications
4 Procedures for repairing faults using gold processes
4.2 Vinyl mastic tape
4.3 Repair of non-pressurized cable
Glossary